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    MOTS-c

    Metabolic

    Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA-c

    PepPal is a research assistant. All information is provided for educational and research purposes only and is not medical advice. Peptides discussed are not approved for human consumption unless prescribed by a licensed medical professional.

    Overview

    MOTS-c is a mitochondria-derived peptide that activates the AMPK pathway — the body's primary energy-sensing system. It plays a key role in metabolic regulation, insulin sensitivity, fat oxidation, and cellular stress resilience. Naturally produced during fasting and exercise; levels decline with age.

    Mechanism of Action

    MOTS-c activates AMPK signaling, enhances glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation, and promotes mitochondrial biogenesis. It translocates to the nucleus under metabolic stress to regulate gene expression related to antioxidant response. Has systemic effects across muscle, fat, liver, and brain.

    Research Contexts

    Metabolic regulation • AMPK activation • Insulin sensitivity • Fat oxidation • Aging and longevity • Exercise mimetic

    Dosing (PepPal Protocol)

    PepPal only publishes dosing from our vetted protocol PDFs. For peptides without an official PepPal protocol, see the Protocols page.

    Step 1: 1–2 mg daily (10–20 units) for 2 weeks. Step 2: 3–5 mg daily (30–50 units). Once daily subcutaneous, fasted morning. 8–12 weeks on / 4 weeks off.

    Reconstitution Guide

    Vial size: 10 mg Water volume: 1 mL bacteriostatic water Concentration: 0.1 mg per unit Add 1 mL of bacteriostatic water slowly along the vial wall — do not shake. 1 mg = 10 units, 2 mg = 20 units, 5 mg = 50 units. Inject fasted in the morning. Allow 3–4 hours between injection and resistance training (AMPK can transiently suppress mTOR).

    Storage Guidelines

    Before reconstitution: Store at -20°C. Protect from light. After reconstitution: Refrigerate at 2–8°C. Use within 2–3 weeks.

    Half-Life & Stability

    Half-life: Not well characterized in humans; estimated hours Stability: Store cold; less stable at room temperature. Dosing is highly individual — some users find benefit at 1 mg, others require 4–5 mg.